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JAPAN.TXT
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1994-11-29
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Japan
Geography
Location:
Eastern Asia, off the southeast coast of Russia and east of the Korean
peninsula
Map references:
Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World
Area:
total area:
377,835 sq km
land area:
374,744 sq km
comparative area:
slightly smaller than California
note:
includes Bonin Islands (Ogasawara-gunto), Daito-shoto, Minami-jima,
Okinotori-shima, Ryukyu Islands (Nansei-shoto), and Volcano Islands
(Kazan-retto)
Land boundaries:
0 km
Coastline:
29,751 km
Maritime claims:
exclusive fishing zone:
200 nm
territorial sea:
12 nm; 3 nm in the international straits - La Perouse or Soya,
Tsugaru, Osumi, and Eastern and Western Channels of the Korea or
Tsushima Strait
International disputes:
islands of Etorofu, Kunashiri, Shikotau, and the Habomai group
occupied by the Soviet Union in 1945, now administered by Russia,
claimed by Japan; Liancourt Rocks disputed with South Korea;
Senkaku-shoto (Senkaku Islands) claimed by China and Taiwan
Climate:
varies from tropical in south to cool temperate in north
Terrain:
mostly rugged and mountainous
Natural resources:
negligible mineral resources, fish
Land use:
arable land:
13%
permanent crops:
1%
meadows and pastures:
1%
forest and woodland:
67%
other:
18%
Irrigated land:
28,680 sq km (1989)
Environment:
current issues:
air pollution from power plant emissions results in acid rain;
acidification of lakes and reservoirs degrading water quality and
threatening aquatic life
natural hazards:
many dormant and some active volcanoes; about 1,500 seismic
occurrences (mostly tremors) every year; subject to tsunamis
international agreements:
party to - Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered
Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping,
Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical
Timber, Wetlands, Whaling; signed, but not ratified -
Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Law of the Sea
Note:
strategic location in northeast Asia
People
Population:
125,106,937 (July 1994 est.)
Population growth rate:
0.32% (1994 est.)
Birth rate:
10.49 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Death rate:
7.31 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
4.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
79.31 years
male:
76.47 years
female:
82.28 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate:
1.55 children born/woman (1994 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
Japanese (singular and plural)
adjective:
Japanese
Ethnic divisions:
Japanese 99.4%, other 0.6% (mostly Korean)
Religions:
observe both Shinto and Buddhist 84%, other 16% (including 0.7%
Christian)
Languages:
Japanese
Literacy:
age 15 and over can read and write (1970 est.)
total population:
99%
male:
NA%
female:
NA%
Labor force:
63.33 million
by occupation:
trade and services 54%, manufacturing, mining, and construction 33%,
agriculture, forestry, and fishing 7%, government 3% (1988)
Government
Names:
conventional long form:
none
conventional short form:
Digraph:
JA
Type:
constitutional monarchy
Capital:
Tokyo
Administrative divisions:
47 prefectures; Aichi, Akita, Aomori, Chiba, Ehime, Fukui, Fukuoka,
Fukushima, Gifu, Gumma, Hiroshima, Hokkaido, Hyogo, Ibaraki, Ishikawa,
Iwate, Kagawa, Kagoshima, Kanagawa, Kochi, Kumamoto, Kyoto, Mie,
Miyagi, Miyazaki, Nagano, Nagasaki, Nara, Niigata, Oita, Okayama,
Okinawa, Osaka, Saga, Saitama, Shiga, Shimane, Shizuoka, Tochigi,
Tokushima, Tokyo, Tottori, Toyama, Wakayama, Yamagata, Yamaguchi,
Yamanashi
Independence:
660 BC (traditional founding by Emperor Jimmu)
National holiday:
Birthday of the Emperor, 23 December (1933)
Constitution:
3 May 1947
Legal system:
modeled after European civil law system with English-American
influence; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court;
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
Suffrage:
20 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state:
Emperor AKIHITO (since 7 January 1989)
head of government:
Prime Minister Tsutomu HATA (since 25 April 1994); Deputy Prime
Minister (vacant)
cabinet:
Cabinet; appointed by the prime minister
Legislative branch:
bicameral Diet (Kokkai)
House of Councillors (Sangi-in):
elections last held on 26 July 1992 (next to be held NA July 1995);
results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (252 total) LDP 95,
SDPJ 68, Shin Ryoku fu-Kai 37, CGP 24, JCP 11, other 17
House of Representatives (Shugi-in):
elections last held on 18 July 1993 (next to be held by NA); results -
percent of vote by party NA; seats - (511 total) LDP 206, SDPJ 74,
Shinseito 62, CGP 52, JNP 37, DSP 19, JCP 15, Sakigake 15, others 19,
independents 10, vacant 2
Judicial branch:
Supreme Court
Political parties and leaders:
Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), Yohei KONO, president; Yoshiro MORI,
secretary general; Social Democratic Party of Japan (SDPJ), Tomiichi
MURAYAMA; Democratic Socialist Party (DSP), Keigo OUCHI, chairman;
Japan Communist Party (JCP), Tetsuzo FUWA, Presidium chairman; Komeito
(Clean Government Party, CGP), Koshiro ISHIDA, chairman; Japan New
Party (JNP), Morihiro HOSOKAWA, chairman; Shinseito (Japan Renewal
Party, JRP), Tsutomu HATA, chairman; Ichiro OZAWA, secretary general;
Sakigake (Harbinger), Masayoshi TAKEMURA, chairman; Mirai (Future
Party), Michihiko KANO, chairman; The Liberal Party, Koji KAKIZAWA,
chairman
note:
Shin Ryoku fu-Kai is a new, upper house only, parliamentary alliance
which includes the JRP, JNP, DSP, and a minor labor group
Member of:
AfDB, AG (observer), Australia Group, APEC, AsDB, BIS, CCC, COCOM, CP,
CSCE (observer), EBRD, ESCAP, FAO, G-2, G-5, G-7, G-8, G-10, GATT,
IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,
IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU,
LORCS, MTCR, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
UNHCR, UNIDO, UNRWA, UNTAC, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission:
Ambassador Takakazu KURIYAMA
chancery:
2520 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone:
(202) 939-6700
FAX:
(202) 328-2187
consulate(s) general:
Agana (Guam), Anchorage, Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Detroit, Honolulu,
Houston, Kansas City (Missouri), Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New
York, Portland (Oregon), San Francisco, and Seattle
consulate(s):
Saipan (Northern Mariana Islands)
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission:
Ambassador Walter F. MONDALE
embassy:
10-5, Akasaka 1-chome, Minato-ku (107), Tokyo
mailing address:
Unit 45004, Box 258, Tokyo; APO AP 96337-0001
telephone:
[81] (3) 3224-5000
FAX:
[81] (3) 3505-1862
consulate(s) general:
Naha (Okinawa), Osaka-Kobe, Sapporo
consulate(s):
Fukuoka
Flag:
white with a large red disk (representing the sun without rays) in the
center
Economy
Overview:
Government-industry cooperation, a strong work ethic, mastery of high
technology, and a comparatively small defense allocation have helped
Japan advance with extraordinary rapidity to the rank of second most
powerful economy in the world. Industry, the most important sector of
the economy, is heavily dependent on imported raw materials and fuels.
Self-sufficient in rice, Japan must import about 50% of its
requirements of other grain and fodder crops. Japan maintains one of
the world's largest fishing fleets and accounts for nearly 15% of the
global catch. Overall economic growth has been spectacular: a 10%
average in the 1960s, a 5% average in the 1970s and 1980s. Economic
growth came to a halt in 1992-93 largely because of contractionary
domestic policies intended to wring speculative excesses from the
stock and real estate markets. At the same time, the stronger yen and
slower global growth are containing export growth. Unemployment and
inflation remain remarkably low in comparison with the other
industrialized nations. Japan continues to run a huge trade surplus -
$120 billion in 1993, up more than 10% from the year earlier - which
supports extensive investment in foreign assets. The new prime
minister HATA in early 1994 reiterated previous governments' vows of
administrative and economic reform, including reduction in the trade
surplus, but his weak coalition government faces strong resistance
from traditional interest groups. The crowding of the habitable land
area and the aging of the population are two major long-run problems.
National product:
GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $2.549 trillion (1993)
National product real growth rate:
0% (1993)
National product per capita:
$20,400 (1993)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
1.3% (1993)
Unemployment rate:
2.5% (1993)
Budget:
revenues:
$490 billion
expenditures:
$579 billion, including capital expenditures (public works only) of
about $68 billion (FY93)
Exports:
$360.9 billion (f.o.b., 1993)
commodities:
manufactures 97% (including machinery 46%, motor vehicles 20%,
consumer electronics 10%)
partners:
Southeast Asia 33%, US 29%, Western Europe 18%, China 5%
Imports:
$240.7 billion (c.i.f., 1993)
commodities:
manufactures 52%, fossil fuels 20%, foodstuffs and raw materials 28%
partners:
Southeast Asia 25%, US 23%, Western Europe 15%, China 9%
External debt:
$NA
Industrial production:
growth rate -4% (1993); accounts for 30% of GDP
Electricity:
capacity:
196,000,000 kW
production:
835 billion kWh
consumption per capita:
6,700 kWh (1992)
Industries:
steel and non-ferrous metallurgy, heavy electrical equipment,
construction and mining equipment, motor vehicles and parts,
electronic and telecommunication equipment and components, machine
tools and automated production systems, locomotives and railroad
rolling stock, shipbuilding, chemicals, textiles, food processing
Agriculture:
accounts for only 2% of GDP; highly subsidized and protected sector,
with crop yields among highest in world; principal crops - rice, sugar
beets, vegetables, fruit; animal products include pork, poultry, dairy
and eggs; about 50% self-sufficient in food production; shortages of
wheat, corn, soybeans; world's largest fish catch of 10 million metric
tons in 1991
Economic aid:
donor:
ODA and OOF commitments (1970-93), $123 billion
note:
ODA outlay of $9.9 billion in 1994 (est.)
Currency:
yen (Y)
Exchange rates:
yen (Y) per US$1 - 111.51 (January 1994), 111.20 (1993), 126.65
(1992), 134.71 (1991), 144.79 (1990), 137.96 (1989)
Fiscal year:
1 April - 31 March
Communications
Railroads:
27,327 km total; 2,012 km 1.435-meter standard gauge and 25,315 km
predominantly 1.067-meter narrow gauge; 5,724 km doubletrack and
multitrack sections, 9,038 km 1.067-meter narrow-gauge electrified,
2,012 km 1.435-meter standard-gauge electrified (1987)
Highways:
total:
1,115,609 km
paved:
782,042 km (including 4,869 km of national expressways)
unpaved:
gravel, crushed stone, or earth 333,567 km (1991)
Inland waterways:
about 1,770 km; seagoing craft ply all coastal inland seas
Pipelines:
crude oil 84 km; petroleum products 322 km; natural gas 1,800 km
Ports:
Chiba, Muroran, Kitakyushu, Kobe, Tomakomai, Nagoya, Osaka, Tokyo,
Yokkaichi, Yokohama, Kawasaki, Niigata, Fushiki-Toyama, Shimizu,
Himeji, Wakayama-Shimozu, Shimonoseki, Tokuyama-Shimomatsu
Merchant marine:
926 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 20,383,101 GRT31,007,515 DWT,
bulk 225, cargo 76, chemical tanker 9, combination ore/oil 9,
container 44, liquefied gas 42, multi-function large load carrier 1,
oil tanker 265, passenger 10, passenger cargo 3, refrigerated cargo
66, roll-on/roll-off cargo 44, short-sea passenger 36, specialized
tanker 2, vehicle carrier 94
note:
Japan also owns a large flag of convenience fleet, including up to 38%
of the total number of ships under the Panamanian flag
Airports:
total:
167
usable:
165
with permanent-surface runways:
137
with runways over 3,659 m:
2
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
34
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
52
Telecommunications:
excellent domestic and international service; 64,000,000 telephones;
broadcast stations - 318 AM, 58 FM, 12,350 TV (196 major - 1 kw or
greater); satellite earth stations - 4 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT and 1
Indian Ocean INTELSAT; submarine cables to US (via Guam), Philippines,
China, and Russia
Defense Forces
Branches:
Japan Ground Self-Defense Force (Army), Japan Maritime Self-Defense
Force (Navy), Japan Air Self-Defense Force (Air Force), Maritime
Safety Agency (Coast Guard)
Manpower availability:
males age 15-49 32,044,032; fit for military service 27,597,444; reach
military age (18) annually 953,928 (1994 est.)
Defense expenditures:
exchange rate conversion - $45.5 billion, less than 1% of GDP (FY94/95
est.)